Various procedures are performed to manage these conditions, including:

• Empyema drainage – removal of infected fluid (pus) from the chest cavity to relieve infection and improve breathing.
• Thoracocentesis – a procedure to remove excess fluid from around the lungs for diagnosis or treatment.
• Video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) – a minimally invasive surgery using a camera to treat chest conditions with smaller incisions.
• Thoracotomy – an open surgical procedure to access the chest cavity for major treatments.
• Tracheoesophageal fistula repair – correction of an abnormal connection between the windpipe and food pipe.
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair (VATS) – repair of a birth defect in the diaphragm using minimally invasive techniques.
• Empyema decortication – removal of thick infected layers from the lung surface to restore lung function.
• Lobectomy – surgical removal of a part (lobe) of the lung affected by disease.
• Mediastinal lymph node biopsy – removal of lymph nodes from the chest for diagnostic evaluation.
• Thoracic cysts and mass excision – surgical removal of cysts or abnormal growths within the chest cavity.